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The list is based on the experience of many field workers in different sites and is meant to give ideas. ALWAYS describe the locally observed variant in detail, and try to get video footage whenever possible.
BEHAVIOR |
DEFINITION |
| Pillow, ‘bantal’ | a pile of twigs or big leaves at one side of the nest on which the focal puts its head when lying down |
| Artistic pillows | a row of twigs, all of similar size, all radially-oriented along the nest perimeter with the forked or leafy end out, lining the nest |
| Blanket (loose nest cover), ‘selimut’ | a loose cover made from branches or leaves covering (only) the body (not the head) |
| Lining, ‘alas’ | a layer made on the nest from leaves or twigs on top of which the focal lies down |
| Roof (fixed roof over nest), ‘atap’ | a construction made from branches or twigs hanging together on top of the nest (mostly protection against rain) |
| Sun cover | a cover built over a nest when exposed to bright sunshine (rather than rain) |
| Bunk nests | a second nest, built a short distance above the nest used for resting as a rain-shelter |
| Hide/shelter under nest | build a nest but rather than resting in it the individual moves under it to seek shelter during rain |
| Leaf bundle while sleeping ("leaf doll") | gathering a bundle of leaves and taking them into their night nests, presumably to hold while sleeping |
| Twig biting | systematically passing ends of twigs used for lining of nest past the mouth (sometimes including actual bite) during last part of nest building |
| Carry leaves to nest | pick and carry leaves to nest site from other tree (e.g. Tarantang, Campnosperma sp.) before start of nest building. These leaves can be used for lining, pillow, roof etc. |
| Nesting in multiple trees | building a nest by tying several smaller trees together |
| Raspberry - sound | spluttering sounds (made by expelling air through relaxed, pouted lips) associated with nest building. Nest raspberries may be made before or after completion of the nest. |
| Nest smack, ‘nyeletok’ | smacking/clicking sounds while making a nest |
| Bridge nest | building a nest connecting 2 trees on opposite banks of a stream. Rather than resting in this nest the orangutan uses it to cross the river and continues moving on the other side |
| Play nests | building a day nest (mostly by immatures), in which individuals do not rest, but only play. Building is done in the presence of play partner. |
| Branch-cushion | Covering big branch with a few leaves or leafed branches, then rest on this, no intertwining of bent branches as in a nest. |
| Severed vine swing | Biting through a vine (so that it hangs loose on one end), to swing Tarzan-like to across a gap. |
| Liana tree release bite | Biting through a vine to release a tree to sway to reach adjacent tree. |
| Treetop break swing | Break top of tree to use as a swing to reach another (usually smaller) tree. |
| Branch-hook | using a detached branch to pull branch of adjacent tree within reach |
| Wading through water | walking, often bipedally, through standing water |
| Hiding behind branch | using a detached branch as a screen to hide from predators or humans |
| Branch dragging display (on ground) | dragging a broken branch (as the individual moves across the forest floor), in a display similar to the agonistic display of bonobos |
| Missiles | throwing or aimed dropping of branches, large fruits or other objects toward terrestrial predators (or humans), apparently to drive them away |
| Snag crashing | aimed pushing of dead standing trees as a display to conspecifics, humans or predators |
| Snag riding | push over a dead tree (snag), then hold on to the snag and ride down as it falls, grabbing onto nearby vegetation to stop their own fall before the snag crashes to the ground |
| Sneaky nest approach | building a series of ever-closing nests, not using the nests for resting, but instead moving in closer and building another to cautiously approach another, higher-ranking conspecific |
| Safe nest | Using a nest as social refuge by female when harassed by male |
| Coercive hand-holding | male holding hand/wrist or foot/ankle of female for prolonged periods during consort (often in presence of other male) |
| Copulation on nest | Cooperative copulation on nest of the male |
| Genito-genital rub (females) | pairs of female orangutans rubbing their genitals together(similar to the behaviour commonly reported for female bonobos) |
| Tree-hole tool-use | using (twig) tools to poke into tree holes to obtain social insects or their products |
| Seed extraction tool-use | using (twig)tool to extract seeds from the protected fruits of Neesia sp., which are embedded in irritating hairs, hidden within the very tough outer casing of the fruit and exposed only through slowly opening fissures in the fruit`s valves as the fruit dehisces |
| Stick as chisel | using a stick to break open a termite nest in a log on the ground |
| Branch as swatter | using detached leafy branches to ward off a swarm of insects (bees/wasps) attacking subject (who is raiding their nest) |
| Leaf gloves | using leaf gloves to handle spiny fruits (e.g. durian) or as seat cushions in trees with spiny branches (e.g. Erythrina |
| Leaf body scrub | using a leaf or leaves to wipe off/clean water or dirt from body surface |
| Leaf napkin | using handful of leaves to wipe latex off chin after eating some fruits |
| Leaf "umbrellas" | using large leaves or leafy branches to cover the head most often during rain or, play. Note if in other context. |
| Scratch (with) stick | using a tool for auto-grooming (for example: using a detached stick to scratch body parts) |
| Autoerotic tool | using tool (generally a detached stick) to stimulate genitals, or masturbate (female and male) |
| Drink water with hand (finger -drip) | drink water with hand either from ground or from tree-hole (hand-dip-drip method) |
| Drink water with cupped-hand | drink water from cupped hand with which individual scoops water from ground or tree-hole |
| Branch scoop | use a leafy branch to extract water from deep tree-holes. |
| Drink sponging | use crumpled leaves to absorb water from a tree hole, then drink the water from the leaves |
| Drink from leaf scoop | drink water using leaf as vessel (drinking straight from vessel): ‘leaf-dipping |
| Drink from leaves | drink water dripping from a bundle of wet leaves held above the mouth ‘leaf drip method’ |
| Drink from pitcher plant | drink from pitcher plant like a cup |
| Pitcher plant-bite | biting open a pitcher plant from the bottom to drink the fluid |
| Wash food | wash food: dipping food underwater before eating it |
| Leaf stripping with hand | obtaining foliage by drawing a segment of vine, liana or branch rapidly through a partially closed hand, to gather a handful of leaves before consumption |
| Leaf stripping with mouth | obtaining foliage by drawing a segment of vine, liana or branch rapidly with the mouth, to gather a bunch of leaves before consumption |
| Dead twig sucking | breaking hollow (dead) twigs to suck the ants from inside |
| Bouquet feeding | Using lips to pick ants from fistful of dry, or fresh, or rotting leaves (Certain genera of ants make their nests in leaves (e.g. Oecophyllus sp). |
| Nest destruction | rummaging through old orangutan nests for insects, taking the nest apart while doing so |
| Slow Loris eating | capturing and eating slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) hiding in dense vegetation |
| Symmetric scratch | exaggerated, long, slow, symmetrical scratching movements with both arms at same time, in something that resembles calisthenics or t`ai chi. |
| Fur sopping | Lathering of fruit pulp or seeds on fur of arms (various plant spp) |
| Autoplay with water | splashing water with hands/feet without obvious feeding/drinking purpose, scooping water over body or even dipping/immersing (part of) body under water (‘bathing’) |
| Kiss-squeak (KSQ) | a vocalization/facial expression commonly given by orangutans in contexts suggesting mild alarm or annoyance towards conspecifics or observers. Several variations may be distinguished (see below. |
| KSQ (unaided) | KSQ only with mouth |
| KSQ with leaves | wiping a fistful of crumpled leaves over the face, then dropping the leaves (in similar context to the KSQ, often accompanies the KSQs) |
| KSQ on (bunch of stripped) leaves (on arm) | using leaves that are held near or in front of the mouth during the KSQ (apparently to amplify the sound; Peters 2001), then allowing the leaves to fall. |
| KSQ with hand(s) | KSQ with a hand in front of the mouth (several variations follow) |
| KSQ with finger/thumb in mouth | KSQ with a finger or thumb in mouth |
| KSQ with (whole) hand (trumpet style) | KSQ holding the hand(s) like a trumpet in front of the mouth |
| KSQ with fist | KSQ with fist in front of mouth |
| KSQ on inside (palm) of hand | KSQ on inside (palm) of hand |
| KSQ on back of hand | KSQ on back of hand |
| KSQ on inside wrist; | KSQ on inside wrist |
| KSQ with mouth-wrap | KSQ with hand wrapped around mouth |
| KSQ on arm | KSQ on arm |
| KSQ on branch | KSQ with (on tip of broken) branch |
| KSQ on tree trunk | KSQ on tree trunk |
| Throat scrape | Repetitive deep throat sound made by female towards offspring. |
